Almost five years after the pandemic, mobility volumes, both in supply and demand, have exceeded pre 2019 levels. However, mobility is no longer the same as it was before: it has become more heterogeneous, with more varied travel times and journey patterns. In addition, interurban and leisure travel has gained prominence over compulsory urban mobility.

Events over recent years have triggered changes of unprecedented scale and speed across all sectors. This poses the challenge not only of adapting rapidly, but also of regulating effectively in order to mitigate negative impacts and extend benefits in an equitable manner. Mobility, essential to the development of all social and economic activities, came to an unprecedented standstill during the COVID 19 health crisis. In cities, public transport usage fell even more sharply, dropping by between 70% and 90% due to fear of contagion.